Open bite is a condition that can affect many individuals. In the United States, the prevalence of anterior open bite is as high as 16.5% (1). Globally open bite affects 4.93% of the population (2). Although this form of malocclusion is less than others, there are significant impacts it can have on a person’s overall health and well-being.

Table of Contents

Stages of Open Bite
Symptoms
Causes
Treatment Options
Risk Factors
Diagnosis
Prevention
Conclusion

Stages of Open Bite

Dental open bite can be classified into different stages based on the severity of the condition:

Mild Open Bite: In this stage, there is a slight gap between the upper and lower teeth when the mouth is closed, but it may not cause significant functional or aesthetic concerns.
Moderate Open Bite: The gap between the upper and lower teeth is more pronounced in this stage, potentially affecting chewing, speech, and overall dental health.
Severe Open Bite: The gap between the upper and lower teeth is substantial, leading to noticeable aesthetic changes and functional impairment. Severe open bites often require intervention to prevent further complications.

Symptoms

An open bite can cause several symptoms. It is important to note, that open bite can also present with little or no symptoms. A lack of symptoms does not mean the open bite should not be treated or corrected.

Visible gap between the upper and lower teeth when the mouth is closed (3).
Difficulty biting or chewing food properly, especially certain types of food (4).
Speech difficulties, such as lisping or difficulty pronouncing certain sounds (5).
Temporomandibular joint disorders may develop from the malocclusion. This may cause pain or clicking sounds in the jaw joint (6).
Aesthetic concerns, such as an uneven smile or facial asymmetry (7).

Causes

Several factors can contribute to the development of a dental open bite. Some causes are inherited and some may be environmental.

Genetics: Genetic factors play a significant role in determining the size and shape of the jaw, as well as the position of the teeth. Individuals with a family history of malocclusion are more likely to develop dental open bites (8).
Childhood Habits: Prolonged thumb sucking, pacifier use, or tongue thrusting during childhood can affect the alignment of the teeth and contribute to the development of open bite (9).
Skeletal Abnormalities: Skeletal abnormalities in the jaw or facial structure can lead to an open bite, as the upper and lower jaws may not align properly (10).
Oral Habits: Certain oral habits, such as tongue thrusting or mouth breathing, can affect the positioning of the teeth and contribute to open bite (11).

Treatment Options

The treatment of dental open bite depends on its severity and underlying causes (7). Treatment options should be discussed with a dental professional.

Orthodontic Treatment: Braces or clear aligners may be used to gradually shift the position of the teeth and close the gap between the upper and lower teeth (12).
Jaw Surgery: In cases of severe open bite or skeletal malocclusion, surgical intervention may be necessary to reposition the jaw bones and achieve proper alignment (8).
Dental Appliances: Removable dental appliances, such as bite plates or palate expanders, may be used to address open bites (13). Appliances are especially useful in children with developing jaws since the bones at this stage are still malleable.
Behavioral Therapy: In some cases, behavioral therapy may be recommended to address habits such as tongue thrusting or mouth breathing, which can contribute to open bite (14). Early intervention is crucial for an optimal result.

Risk Factors

Several factors may increase the risk of developing a dental open bite. Some risk factors are nonmodifiable while others can be modified and reduce the risk of developing an open bite.

Genetics: A family history of malocclusion or dental abnormalities can predispose individuals to develop open bites (15). Jaw shapes and relations can be passed down from older generations. This is a nonmodifiable risk factor.
Childhood Habits: Prolonged thumb sucking, pacifier use, or tongue thrusting during childhood can affect the alignment of the teeth and increase the risk of open bite (16). This is a modifiable risk factor.
Skeletal Abnormalities: Certain skeletal abnormalities in the jaw or facial structure can contribute to the development of open bite (17). This is a nonmodifiable risk factor.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing dental open bite typically involves a comprehensive dental examination, conducted by a qualified dentist or orthodontist. The dental provider will assess the alignment of the teeth, the relationship between the upper and lower jaws, and any associated symptoms or complications. Dental X-rays or other imaging tests may be ordered to evaluate the underlying bone structure and plan appropriate treatment (18).

Prevention

While some risk factors for dental open bite cannot be controlled, several preventive measures can help reduce the risk of developing this condition.

Early Intervention: Addressing habits such as thumb sucking or tongue thrusting in childhood can help prevent the development of open bite (14). Attempt to limit habit formation as early as possible for optimal results.
Maintain Good Oral Habits: Good oral hygiene practices, such as regular brushing and flossing, can help maintain proper dental alignment and reduce the risk of open bite (19). Premature loss of teeth can cause misalignment and can potentially lead to open bites.
Regular Dental Check-ups: Routine dental visits allow for early detection and treatment of dental issues, including open bite.

Conclusion

Dental open bite is a common dental condition that can impact oral health and well-being. Understanding the stages, symptoms, causes, treatment options, risk factors, diagnoses, and prevention strategies associated with this condition is essential for maintaining optimal dental health. If you suspect you may have a dental open bite, consult with a qualified dental professional for an accurate diagnosis and personalized treatment plan.

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